Lewis Woodson Publishes Foundational Black Nationalist Essays

Lewis Woodson, an AME minister and educator, published a series of essays in The Colored American under the pen name 'Augustine' that laid out a philosophy of Black self-reliance, community economic development, and separate Black institutions. Historians have called Woodson the 'Father of Black Nationalism' for articulating ideas that would later be adopted by Martin Delany, Booker T. Washington, and Marcus Garvey. His writings established an ideological tradition of Black self-determination that ran parallel to integrationist abolitionism.