Benjamin 'Pap' Singleton Organizes Black Kansas Migration

Benjamin 'Pap' Singleton, a formerly enslaved Tennessee man, distributed over 60,000 circulars promoting Black emigration to Kansas and organized multiple colonization companies. Testifying before the Senate in 1880, he claimed credit for the entire Exodus movement. His organizing represented one of the most sophisticated mass-migration campaigns in 19th-century Black American history.