Niagara Movement Founded to Challenge Booker T. Washington's Accommodationism

W.E.B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter founded the Niagara Movement at a meeting near Niagara Falls, Canada (denied accommodations in the US), explicitly rejecting Booker T. Washington's accommodationist platform of accepting segregation and limiting Black ambitions to vocational training. The Movement demanded immediate civil and political rights, unrestricted voting, and equal treatment before the law. Though short-lived (1905-1910), it directly preceded the NAACP and established the ideological framework of full-rights civil rights advocacy.