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OppressionJuly 8, 1876

The Hamburg massacre

White paramilitaries murder Black militiamen in South Carolina, signaling Reconstruction's collapse.

Also American

A history of Black Americans — the descendants of people enslaved in what became the United States. Content is drafted from reputable sources and under ongoing review. See the methodology, or suggest an addition.

Content note: this site documents racial violence — including slavery, lynching, and massacres. Some material and images are distressing, and graphic images are shown only behind a warning.