Northern School Segregation: Detroit, Chicago, New York Schools Deeply Segregated

While Brown v. Board targets Southern de jure segregation, Northern cities maintain equally segregated schools through residential segregation and deliberate district boundary manipulation. Detroit, Chicago, and New York school boards draw district lines to maximize racial separation, assign Black students to inferior overcrowded schools on split sessions, and resist consolidation. Black schools receive fewer resources, older textbooks, and less experienced teachers. Northern school segregation is not addressed by Brown and intensifies through the 1950s as suburbs exclude Black families.