NYC Stop-and-Frisk Surges; 85% of Stops Are Black or Latino

NYPD stop-and-frisk encounters rose from roughly 97,000 in 2002 to 508,540 in 2006 under Commissioner Ray Kelly. NYPD data showed 85–90% of those stopped were Black or Latino; over 88% were found innocent of any wrongdoing. The Center for Constitutional Rights filed Floyd v. City of New York in 2008, documenting the racial disparity and arguing the program violated the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments.