Tulsa Grand Jury Blames Black Victims for Race Massacre

A Tulsa County grand jury convened after the massacre concluded in August 1921 that Black residents were primarily responsible for the violence, citing the 'agitation' of armed Black men who had gathered at the courthouse to protect Dick Rowland. No white attackers were ever prosecuted. The city subsequently passed an ordinance requiring fireproof construction in Greenwood, intended to prevent rebuilding. Despite this obstruction, residents rebuilt much of Greenwood by 1922 using personal funds.