1664

When England seized New Amsterdam from the Dutch in 1664 and renamed it New York, the existing enslaved African population came under English colonial rule. The British systematically expanded the slave trade to the colony and tightened slave codes. The Dutch system of half-freedom was eliminated over time, and enslaved people who had held conditional freedom under the Dutch lost those protections. New York became an increasingly significant slave society, with enslaved Africans comprising roughly 15–20% of the population in New York City by the early 18th century.

New Jersey (first as part of New Netherland, then as an English proprietary colony after 1664) had enslaved African residents from its earliest colonial period. Under English rule, slavery was formalized: the East Jersey code of 1682 included slave regulations, and New Jersey's enslaved population grew steadily through the late 17th century. Like New York, New Jersey's slavery was largely domestic and agricultural — different in scale from the plantation South but no less brutal in its fundamental violence and denial of freedom.

Maryland decrees lifelong, inheritable slavery and penalizes interracial marriage.