January 1863

President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, effective January 1, 1863, declared all enslaved people in Confederate states 'then in rebellion' to be 'forever free.' As a war measure under commander-in-chief authority, it did not apply to border states or Union-occupied Confederate territory. It immediately freed no one under Confederate control but transformed the Union war aim to include emancipation, authorized Black men to enlist in the Union Army (leading to 180,000 Black soldiers serving by war's end), and made European recognition of the Confederacy politically impossible. Combined with the Thirteenth Amendment (ratified December 1865), it ended legal slavery in the United States.

Lincoln declares the enslaved in rebel states free, transforming the war into a fight for freedom.