June 2003

The Supreme Court ruled 5–4 in Grutter v. Bollinger that race could be considered as one factor among many in law school admissions to achieve educational diversity, upholding the University of Michigan Law School's holistic review. The same day, in Gratz v. Bollinger, the Court struck down the undergraduate point-based system. Together the rulings preserved but narrowed affirmative action, with Justice O'Connor writing that she expected race-conscious admissions would not be needed in 25 years.

The Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in Grutter v. Bollinger that race could be considered holistically in law school admissions for educational diversity. The same day, Gratz v. Bollinger struck down Michigan's undergraduate point system. Together the rulings preserved but narrowed affirmative action.